Reading References
-
Biophilia Theory
Biophilia Theory: A Deep Connection to Nature
Biophilia Theory describes how humans have an innate connection to nature, and environments that incorporate natural elements promote well-being.
-
Attention Restoration Theory
Attention Restoration Theory (ART): Recovering Mental Clarity
ART explains how prolonged focus on tasks requiring directed attention leads to mental fatigue.
-
Stress Reduction Theory
Stress Reduction Theory (SRT): Lowering Physiological Stress
SRT highlights how exposure to natural environments reduces stress and its physical symptoms, such as elevated heart rate and cortisol levels.
-
Biophilia Theory References
Berman, M. G., Jonides, J., & Kaplan, S. (2008). The Cognitive Benefits of Interacting with Nature. Psychological Science, 19(12), 1207–1212.
Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective. Cambridge University Press.
Kellert, S. R., & Calabrese, E. F. (2015). The Practice of Biophilic Design. Yale University.
Jimenez M.P., DeVille N.V., Elliott E.G., Schiff J.E., Wilt G.E., Hart J.E., James P. (2021). Associations between Nature Exposure and Health: A Review of the Evidence. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Apr 30;18(9):4790.
Nieuwenhuis, M., et al. (2014). The Relative Benefits of Green versus Lean Office Space: Three Field Experiments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 20(3), 199–214.
-
Attention Restoration Theory References
Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective. Cambridge University Press.
Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Liu, C., & Yang, Y. (2024). A Review of Attention Restoration Theory: Implications for Designing Restorative Environments. Sustainability, 16(9), 3639.
Ohly, H. et al. (2016) ‘Attention Restoration Theory: A systematic review of the attention restoration potential of exposure to natural environments’, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 19(7), pp. 305–343.
Stevenson, M. P., Schilhab, T. and Bentsen, P. (2018) Attention Restoration Theory II: a systematic review to clarify attention processes affected by exposure to natural environments, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 21(4), pp. 227–268.
-
Stress Reduction Theory References
Fan L., Baharum M. R. (2024).. The effects of digital nature and actual nature on stress reduction: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Internet Interv. 2024 Sep 15;38:100772.
Jimenez M.P., DeVille N.V., Elliott E.G., Schiff J.E., Wilt G.E., Hart J.E., James P. (2021). Associations between Nature Exposure and Health: A Review of the Evidence. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Apr 30;18(9):4790.
Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery. Science, 224(4647), 420–421.
Ulrich, R. S., et al. (1991). Stress Recovery During Exposure to Natural and Urban Environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11(3), 201–230.